The first time nobles got land grants on the territory of the district dated from the middle of the XVIIth century. In 1643-1645 Michael Filitov was granted 30 quarters of land. Later he settled there some peasants and founded the village of Shiryaiev Gully (nowadays it is called Shiryaievo). In 1647 Basil Poretskiy founded the villages of Morkvashi and Osinovka. At the end of the XVIIth century the Bronskiys got land and set up the villages of Vinnovka and Yermakovo. Considerable areas on the left shore were granted to A.D. Menshikov at the end of the XVIIth century, including the villages of Hryashchovka and Nicolskoie-upon-Cheremshan. In the 30’s of the XVIIIth the village of Feodorovka sprang up and belonged to lieutenant-general F. Naumov. In 1768 a vast territory on the Samara Bend was granted to the brothers Orlovs; their estate with its center in Usolie included 300 thousand dessiatinas of fertile soil. Later their domain widened and stretched up to the left shore where the villages of Kuneevka, Borkovka, Moskovka, Nikolskoie and Podstepnovka were founded.

In the XVIIIth century the landowners of Stavropol were not rich – just 79 of them lived in the district; only two of them had brick houses. The Aksakovs possessed estate of 7 thousand dessiatinas that included the villages of Vishenki, Kuroiedovo and Vasilievka. The autobiographical story “Grandson Bagrov’s childhood” by S.T. Aksakov contains some facts about the life of the merchants of that time. The grandfather of the author was a merchant of moderate means. He was a willful person like other landlords advocating serfdom. The strange thing was that this trait of him mixed in with good nature. If he was in good mood the merchant could acquit a peasant of debt and even grant some bread to him. But in bad mood he was cross and used to beat the wife. He had just three books (a book of dream interpretations, a song-book and a comic sketch-book) in the house, but at the same time he was good at farming.

Some Stavropol merchants differed from others with their eagerness to culture. A merchant N.A. Durasov, for instance, had a two-storeyed brick house, expensive pictures, rich home library and a serf theater, and also fountains and sundial that were situated in his own park. Basil Sergeevich Milkovich, who occupied the post of the nobles’ leader, was famous for his choir. His house was a center of cultural life of the city. Alexander I stayed just here in 1824 during his visit of Stavropol.

At first, the Stavropol nobility was formed through grants of land. Another way of obtaining the title of a noble was military and civic service. 37 hereditary and 99 individual nobles lived in Stavropol in the middle of the XIXth century, and 213 hereditary and 42 individual nobles – in the district. Most of them had no estate, and got the title of a noble through military service. From 1845 a person could be conferred the title of individual noble through the service in the rank of the VIth class, and hereditary noble – through the service in the rank of the IXth class.

Among the nobles of Stavropol, the representatives of old noble families prevailed – if they had all the necessary documents they could be registered into the VIth part of the Samara family book. The Milkovichs, Naumovs, Turgenevs, Mertvago, Aksakovs, Babkins, Bachmetievs and others were the representatives of such families. The military served nobility of the district was registered into the IId part of the family book like the Sosnovskiys and Yarovoys.

The Tresvyatskiys, Lentovskiy, Lutskiy, Lazarevs and others got the title of a noble through their civic service.

At last, black earth of the Volga attracted titled nobles’ attention – princes the Hovanskiys, Bolhovskiys, Dadiany, the counts Orlovs, Volkonskiys, Tolstoys and others. These names are come across in the Vth part of the family book.

According to the places where nobles had their estates, they could be registered into the family books of several regions. To be registered into the book, a noble had to hand in an application, documents of grant of dignity and metric extracts to put down wives and children to Nobility Council. After a long-lasting copying in the family-desk of the council the noble was registered into the corresponding part of the book.

In number Russian nobility ceded to all the others. At the end of the XIXth century there was just 1,37% of population. In the Samara Region there was 0,3%, and 0,12% (250 nobles) lived in the Stavropol district.

In the middle of the XIXth 160 noble families lived in the district. Petty nobles who possessed less than 100 souls (serf peasants) prevailed. The Shioshins, for instance had only 29 souls. Some landowners had 4 and 5 souls. These nobles lived in simple log houses (izbas) and dressed just a little bit better than the serfs.

At the same time there were rather more large domains in the Stavropol district than in any other one. In the Samara Region there lived 15 land proprietors who possessed more than a thousand of the serfs. Ten of them lived in Stavropol – Volkonskiy, Davydov, Turgenev, Krotkov and others. Their estates were of several thousands of dessiatinas.

It is known that the merchants Milkovichs, who were of moderate means, possessed 60 yards in the village of Zelyonovka, and later they founded the village of Yekaterinovka. The serfs of the Milkovichs paid rather a considerable tribute – 1 ram, 20 eggs, 1 hen, 15 arshines of linen a year; in addition, the peasants were recruited to laying-in firewood. The nobles Turgenevs’ farming is a typical example of farming that hold a landowner of moderate means at the period before the reform. Their estate included some villages near Moscow and the Ardatov district, and the largest villages were situated in the Stavropol district – Andreevka, Turgenevka and Korovino. At the first third of the XIXth century, the Turgenevs owned 13,351 dessiatinas of land and 1,571 peasants in all. That was a difficult time for the landowners of Russia. Like most land proprietors, the Turgenevs put peasants on money tribute that made up 11 thousand rubles a year. In 1815 there accounted 15 rubles for an able-bodied peasant and 30 rubles for a person in 1819. A considerable part of grain went to sale. Hay and broadcloth, sterlet and poultry were on sale in Moscow, too. Cattle-raising also yielded profit and the Turgenevs traded in sheepskin and 19 poods of butter a year. The merchants rented fishing places to gangs and this yielded them profit of 225-300 rubles a year. The Turgenevs started a linen factory per 4 camps but it turned out unprofitable. Girls’ work there wasn’t paid; if they fell down – they did not get clothes. Peasants talked about the factory as if it was Black Death.

The Orlovs’ patrimony situated in Usolie was an example of a large landowner’s farming. In 1767 the brothers Gregory and Vladimir Orlovs accompanied Katherine II during her voyage along the Volga. The fertile arable, vast forests and meadows, the Samara Bend full of fish, took the counts’ fancy. That was enough for the right and the left shore of the Volga to become the Orlovs’ estate. The counts had got the new patrimony with the center in the village of Usolie in change of the poorest lands in Yaroslavl and Kostroma. 300 thousand dessiatinas of land, 26 villages including Russian and Mordvinian Borkovkas and Kuneevka of the Stavropol district had formed part of the Orlovs’ new domain. 26 peasants found themselves under undivided authority of their new owners. Since their life entirely depended on whims of counts and the steward.

The Orlovs used different ways to widen their estate. In 1798 they started a lawsuit against the city of Stavropol for lands on the left shore of the Volga. The trial had lasted for many years and finished in favor of the Orlovs. Some thousand dessiatinas widened their land property; in 1827 143 families from the village of Kuneevka of the Karsoon district were resettled to these lands and founded the village of Stavropol Kuneevka.

In the XVIIIth century the landowners made the peasants to pay natural and money tributes. In 1797 that was: 5 rubles per a male peasant and foodstuffs (1 hen, 10 eggs, 2 pounds of butter, 2 rams, 8 pounds of tow and 7 arshines of linen a year per a draft group). Teenagers aged 15-16 became drafters (working unite). In 1798 the Orlovs put the peasants on money tribute that was 3 rubles per a soul, in 1802 – 25 rubles, in 1804 – 240 thousand rubles, in 1812 – 247 thousand, and in 1842 – 642 thousand rubles. Thank to such amount of tributes the Orlovs’ income was gradually increasing.

It was advantageous to a landowner to have more families in his possession, that was why he hastened to marry off the youth and fined single girls who were to pay 25 rubles a year or work at the factory. Only in 1825 the unmarried girls paid 1,275 rubles. On this money the counts kept 200 persons of domestics (servants) and the policy that served on the territory of their estate. The domestics even got small wages: a cattle-farm woman worker – 1 ruble, wenches and wives of soldiers – 2 rubles 20 copecks a year, a blacksmith – 7 rubles and 22 copecks, a steward – 25 rubles, an equerry – 50 rubles.

Soldiers were taken on from the estate in Usolie to repulse the forces of Napoleon. Equipment for soldiers was bought at the expense of peasants. To this effect, there were taken extra 3 rubles per a soul.

During a year the Orlovs lived in the capitol, and visited their domain in summer including Usolie. Tributes they got from peasants were to make their life luxurious. In 1817 at the expense of extra tributes – 1 ruble from a soul – the Orlovs built a new brick building in their manor in Usolie. There they had a rich home library, sculptures and pictures, kept falcons, the pack of hounds to hunt with, and menagerie.

To increase their income the Orlovs started many plants in Usolie – soap working, candle, tannery, stud farm, potash, linen and cloth, sugar-beet plants and factories and a sheepfold. Half of the peasants worked at these plants and that was corvee for them. In the end, all the establishments of the Orlovs turned out unprofitable business.

In addition, the Orlovs tried their forces in selling grain and leased 12 mills, cause that was much more advantageous than if they used them. To provide the patrimony with all essential things, carpenter workshops and smithies were built. On the eve of serfdom abolition only new agriculture machines, such as threshers and American ploughs, seeders and hummock-cutters were operated in the patrimony. Thus, the vast estate had many possibilities to survive in case of crises. Nevertheless, peasants, farms became ruined and in the years of poor crops landowner even had to keep peasants at his own expense. The debts of peasants increased and Orlov – Davydov had to low tributes. Due to a census dated from 1860, 27,5 % of peasants had no cattle and own houses and lived and worked in their neighbours’ places. Not only landowners’ requirements but also managers’ stealing ruined the peasants. V. Fomin got his notorious fame just in this way. After he died, his heirs inherited 38 horses, 193 cows, 249 sheep, much rich furniture and silver, carriages and guns, and loan letters of debtor for the sum of 41,847 rubles.

As they rather cultivated persons, the Orlovs were the first in province who set up a school for peasants in 1770. They were rather guided by economic motives than by a concern of peoples’ education, for that was cheaper than to hire workers from other estates. All the leavers of the school worked in the Usolie office.

In 1771, the Orlovs started at their own expense the first in province hospital for peasant. It contained six wards for the sick, a laboratory to make medicines and three rooms for a doctor. From 1804, a doctor Gyotte who was written for from Vienna worked at the hospital. In 1805, the hospital was rebuilt and had 2 blocks on brick foundation and flats for medicine workers. The serf peasant built the hospital and it took the Orlovs 420 rubles to buy building materials. The sick were fed and treated at the landowners’ expense. In 1805-06, the expenses for keeping the hospital and its building made up 5 thousand rubles. There stuff included a doctor who got salary of one thousand rubles, two medicine assistants, 2 attendant and 2 apprentices. The treatment here was rather effective. In the same year 138 peasants were the patients of the hospital and only 2 of them died. The first time the inhabitants of the patrimony were vaccinated was in 1817. First-aid stations of the medical assistants with small permanent establishments were started during the life of the Orlovs’ grandson V.P. Davydov in the villages of Zhyguly and Nikolskoie.  

To manage the patrimony her last owner Vladimir Orlov made up a special statute book “Code”. The document considered all the aspects of relationship with peasants including their duties and punishments. Not serious faults were tried in court of the peace, and a landowner considered serious cases. The patrimony authority also practiced peasants release - to or without ransom, it depended on the state of peasant farming.

In the middle of the XIXth century, many Stavropol nobles served, including Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Simbirsk. 60% of the served nobles chose civic career and occupied various ranks – from college registering clerk to full secret adviser, who chose military, had the rank of an ensign or a colonel.

Not all nobles possessed land estate and serf peasants. In this case, they lived on salary. A second or third-grade penman’s salary “according to his labor and deserts” was 200 rubles a year, a provincial secretary – 120-400 rubles, a titular councillor – 229-514 rubles, college secretary and an assistant of  the district police’ head got 1 thousand rubles, the head of the district police – 1,500 rubles.

Nobles-officials’ HDI was not so high. A majority of them were graduators of religious and grammar schools, rare – universities. All of them there were only Apollon Tretiyakov who graduated Military school; L.B. Turgenev graduated naval military college; M.M. and A.N. Naumovs, M.B. Turgenev, G.K. Tatarinov, T.A. and N.A. Shishkovs, and some others had university education. The Stavropol nobles got education abroad, too. Vladimir Orlov, for instance, studied in Leipzig, and N.I. Turgenev – in Gettingen.

HDI of a noble determined his further career and life. Vladimir Orlov headed the Academy of Sciences; academic expeditions to the Land along the Volga and Siberia were organized just on his initiative. N.I. Turgenev became a prominent economist and he could not bear with serfdom. In 1818 he joined the organization of Decembrists “Welfare Unity”, and later became a member of Northern Society. N.I. Turgenev became an ideologist of the movement against serfdom and made up his own society program. As a man of his epoch Turgenev advocated abolishment of serfdom and setting peasants free, though without giving them land. In 1824 Turgenev went abroad, but due to legal proceedings against Decembrists, he was sentenced to penal servitude for life in his absence. Just after the death on Nicholas I, at the droop of his life, Turgenev managed to come back to Russia from foreign land.

Nevertheless, not all the nobles were well-educated and good-natured. The landowners Shioshins were very notorious in the district for their extremely cruelty toward the serf. They possessed only 30 souls and keenly jeered at their peasants. For even the slightest insubordination, the peasants were birched and switched with a double-tailed lash until a poor fainted away. Especial defaulters wore collars with horns that let them neither sit nor lie or lean against the wall. Peasants filed applications containing complaints of their owners’ cruelty more than once, but they all were of no positive result in favor of the suffered. Shoot Niagara, on the 9 July 1850 the peasants set the Shioshins’ house on fire that was situated in Stavropol. Expectedly, the carried out judicial inquiry practically discharged the fiends. And though the court brought in a verdict of the Shioshins’ incapability, the state of the peasants remained the same.

In 1858 peasant disturbances flared up in the estate of the landowner Melgunov in New Buyan that later was put down just with the help of police. Thus, the peasant movement that began in the middle of the XIXth century testified the crises of public relationship in the state.

Serfdom abolishment changed economical state of Nobility. Due to the by-law deed, in the Usolie patrimony peasants were to pay land tax for the sum of 3 rubles 50 copecks and 10 rubles in silver yearly during the do-locum-obliged period (the state when a peasant is already leased but not bought-out). Besides, there remained labour-rents. A man was obliged to work for a landowner for 40 days (24 in summer and 16 in winter), a woman – 30 days (18 in summer and 12 in winter). Many peasants of the Orlovs came out on donative lot, but then they began to take the landowner’s land into rent. The Usolie patrimony kept yielding profit. Only contemporary agricultural machines were used in the estate, and the steward of it K. Brummer graduated Oxford University. In 1903 the income of the domain was more than 300 thousand rubles.

At the end of the XIXth century 92 nobles-landowners lived in the district. 20 families were owners of more than one thousand dessiatinas of land (22%). In all the nobles possessed more than 120 thousand dessiatinas of land; that means that one noble domain contained more than one thousand dessiatinas. The most part of land of the district was in the possession of the Orlovs-Davydovs – 50 thousand dessiatinas, 23,5 thousand dessiatinas belonged to the Naumovs.

Serfdom abolishment undermined economical situation of Nobility. At the beginning of the XXth 448 thousand dessiatinas in the district belonged to rural societies, 70 thousand dessiatinas – to merchants and petty bourgeois. These figures testify that merchant and peasant landownership changed nobles’ one. Most Stavropol nobles sold their lands or gave them into rent. So did the Hovanskiys, Lazarevs, Tolmachyovs and others.

Just a few of the local nobles ran risks to go in for business undertakings. For example, in 1863-1864 princess Trubetskaya had a distillery that produced more than 3 million pails of vodka, small distilleries situated in the village of Repievka (60 thousand pails) belonged to the Bestuzhevs, and the Melgunovs possessed such enterprisings in the village of New Buyan (100 thousand pails). In 1891 M.G. Ushkova had a distillery and a steam-driven mill situated in New Buyan. A water-mill was in the possession of countess Sollogub. The nobles Ushkovs owned some stud-farms (28 horses) at the beginning of the XXth century. There were other nobles who also possessed stud-farms: the Volkovs (22 horses), the Naumovs (3 stud-farms per 148 horses in all) and the Sosnovskiys (11 horses).

After the reform of the 1861 nobles preserved their principate in the district that is well seen by the example of the list “Chairmen of the Stavropol district council”. At the head of the local self-government were the representatives of the best Nobility. District self-governments were composed of nobles, too. Local Nobility did much good for development of education and medical service in the district. In the case of self-government, local taxis were a source of financing.

Many nobles did charity. 21 churches in the district, including 10 brick ones, were built at the expense of landowners. M.M. Naumov set up a fund of his own, the means from which helped fire brigade, and a part of them was given to burnt down persons. Ann Alekseeva Orlova-Chesmenskaya started a school in her own house in Old Meina.

Stormy events of 1917-1918’s resulted in emigration of the representatives of the most numerous Nobility. Their offspring nowadays live in Italy, France and other states. For example, the offspring of the landowners Sosnovskiys live in Italy now. They are children and grandchildren of the tsar’s army officer who left Russia with the last parts of white army. Naturally, he took no archives with him, that is why even his relatives possess no information of their ancestors. But not only the offspring of the Sosnovskiys had found themselves in situation like this. 

• Археологические древности края • Archaeological antiquities of the region • Волжская Болгария • The Volga Bulgaria • Самарская Лука в 13-17 веках • The Samara Bend of the XIII-XVIIth centuries • Освоение края и строительство крепости • The region settling and the fort building • Ставрополь и восстание Пугачева • Stavropol and Pugachyov’s rebellion • Участие ставропольчан в войне 1812 года • Participation of the inhabitants of Stavropol in the war of 1812

• Жизнь города. Ремесла Ставропольского уезда • The town’s life. Crafts of the Stavropol District • Ставропольское купечество • The merchants of Stavropol • Ставропольское дворянство • The nobles of Stavropol • Знаменитые люди в Ставрополе • Famous people of Stavropol • Ставрополь в начале ХХ века • Stavropol at the beginning of the XXth century • Революционные события и установление советской власти • The revolution events and forming of the Soviet regime

• Ставрополь в годы Великой Отечественной войны • Stavropol during the Great Patriotic War. • Строительство ГЭС и перенос города • The construction of the Hydroelectric Power Station and the transfer of the town • Культурная жизнь города • Строительство заводов и развитие города • Строительство ВАЗа и Автограда • Современная характеристика города

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