The construction of the Hydroelectric Power Station and the transfer of the town.

Up to the end of the 40’s of the XXth century the Stavropol district was considered one of the main agrarian districts of the Kuibyshev Region. Two collective farmers of the district were conferred the rank of Hero of the Socialist Labour: Z.T. Avdonin and S.G. Vesov. But the country was in great need of industrialization, the building of large works, and development of power engineering.

In spite of all favourable conditions of its geographic position, the climate optimal for dwelling, the Volga that is a powerful energy source and a deposit of minerals, especially on the Samara Bend, including oil, Stavropol does not look like an industrial town.

At the first half of the XXth century Stavropol was a small and quite provincial town with the population of about 10 thousand people. There were no industrial buildings in the town, and the most part of the local inhabitants practiced various trades. In 1951 the following establishments worked in Stavropol: the regional complex realizing timber bucking, production of furniture, had a brick shop and a mill, the town food complex (bread baking, soft drink production), the workmen’s co-operative association “Dawn” (shoe and sewing workshop, brick making, sawmill), the co-operative “Red invalid” (ceramics and shoe making), MTS (machine and tractor station), the state mill, the hatchery, the regional consumers’ association (cooperative society doing selling of agricultural production), the petroleum storage depot “Western sands”, and the repair and engineering works.

The inhabitants of Stavropol lived in small low wooden houses (just 1 house in the town was two-storeyed, others – had one storey). Stone and brick houses were rare to see (4 houses in all, and 3 compound houses).

Administrative and public organizations were situated in fitted pre-revolutionary stone houses: the Regional Recreation Center (in the church building), the regional executive committee, the pedagogical school, the land-reclamation technical school, libraries (regional and children’s), the secondary school, and the day nursery. Hospital township that was situated in the suburbs and had 5 complexes, laundry, and baths, maternity hospital, first-aid station, sanitary-and-epidemiologic station, and antimalarial station.

The life of Stavropol changed in 1950 in the result of the building of the Volga Hydroelectric Power Station (HPS). Since that time the town started a new life as an industrial center. Still in 1910-1911s G.M. Krzhizhanovskiy proposed to set the large hydroelectric power station on the Volga, and namely in the region of the Samara Bend, but the project failed to come true. In the 30’s this idea was again suggested as the plan of “the Big Volga”, which supposed to erect a line of large hydro power stations of the Volga. And again the building was postponed because of the beginning of war.

After the Great Patriotic War ended, the fifth five-year plan (1951-1956) provided for increasing of power of electric stations by 2 times, and hydroelectric stations by 3 times. Besides, it was planned to start all the large electrical stations, including the Kuibyshev one.

The future Hydroelectric Power Station was decided to build not in the region of Red Glinka (a region of Samara), but upstream of the Volga near Zhiguly. This decision reflected on the town’s administrative status – by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR from 18.04.1951 Stavropol was referred to the category of the towns that were in regional subordination. The building of the HPS changed both the geographical position and the territory frontier of the town.

On August 21 1950 Council of Ministers of USSR ruled the building of the Kuibyshev HPS. The HPS construction was quickly accomplished. The process itself was running in 3 stages:

•         preliminary – 1950-53;
•        main – 1953-57;
•        closing – 1957-58;     

The building of the station started in 1950. From the beginning of 1951 was placed the work on erection of the right-shore and left-shore sluices and hollowing foundation pits of the HPS building, and low locks.

At the beginning of the second stage a production plant and lodgings for civilian builders were constructed. In summer of 1953 main constructions were concreted. On October 30 1955 the Volga was bridged for 19 hours and 35 minutes. On November 16 1955 there was carried out the filling of the Kuibyshev reservoir and sluicing of the earth dam. On December 29 1955 the first aggregate of the Kuibyshev HPS was turned on the juice at 18:18, and on December 31 1955 (on the eve of the New Year!) the station generated the first unit of electricity. On May 5 1956 the first steamer passed through the head locks.

In the closing stage was accomplished the start of the last twelfth aggregate of HPS, and on August 10 a ceremony devoted to a topping-out ceremony of HPS. The leaders of CPSU (the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) and of the Soviet government headed by N.S. Khrushchev arrived at the ceremony. Such public persons as Brezhnev, Molotov, and Khrushchev visited the places where HPS was constructing. 

Nowadays the HPS building is situated on the right shore of the Volga. The total length of the construction including job site – 730 meters, width – 100 meters, height from foot to roof – 80 meters. The HPS building had an extension from the side of low reach, and was made for voltage swing leveling under the construction and reservoir, and also for prevention of plastic riser of the soil from under the foot of the building. A separate litter retaining construction is 33 meters from the HPS building.

On the left-shore flood-land of the Volga there is a spillway concrete dam. It is 1009 meters long to the base and had 38 drain bays. The earth dam had been sluiced of fine-grained sands and is situated between the HPS building and spillway dam. Its length is 2800 meters, width to the base – 600 meters, the overall depth in the bed part – 50 meters.

On the left-shore flood-land navigation facilities are found. On the northern shore of the intermediate reach there is a shipyard, and on the upper reach there is a large mechanized port. The aria of water of the port is surrounded with earth dams. Between the concrete dam and sluices there is a plot of the dam of 400 meters long.

At the present days, the electricity of HPS runs through the two transmission facilities to the combined power system of the center of Russia and through the two transmission facilities to Ural and the Central Part of the Land along the Volga. The high level of automation let reduce duty personnel of the Station to 10 persons in shift.

The extended storage reservoir of more than 600 kilometers overflowed up from HPS. The overall width – 40 km – the poll had in zone of junction of the Volga and the Kama. The most width in the part near the dam is 40 meters. The tankage of the reservoir is 58 milliard cubic meters.  

 The topping-out of Lenin HPS created a united power system of the European part of the country. That much improved the navigation conditions and irrigation of the lands behind the Volga. A new deep-water way that let use large-tonned fleet for load transporting had been made the whole distance of 900 km along the rivers Volga and Kama. A two-wayed railway road from Syzran to Kinel and an automobile transition from Moscow to Samara run through HPS construction. This fact created no necessity to build a bridge. The storage reservoir is nowadays a source of water supply of the population and industrial enterprises.

In spite of all the merits, the building of HPS had many disadvantages. The dam construction made the water level rise up to 26 meters. Many towns, villages, places for mowing, pastures and arables were flooded. That had a negative result for the forage base of adjacent regions and demanded large compensation measures, settlement of new virgin lands, and irrigation development.

The bed for the future reservoir had not been prepared beforehand (the bed and shores began forming just after the sinking), became like a lake sediments. The unpreparedness, digging bottoms from only one side, winding forms, fluctuation of shore line and the new hydrological regime, which led to a rapid delay of speed of the river’s stream, make the look of the nowadays Volga much different from that the river had before the construction of HPS. In separate zones of the reservoir took place stagnant phenomena. The hard part of spring flow turns into silt. The thickness of the silt makes worse working conditions of watertaking facilities, mooring-blocks, and fish breeding. Beside, there is observed the fact of saturation of the water with organic sediments, growing worse of the water quality that leads to its “blossom”.  

The shores of the reservoir will keep on downfall during the whole period of its existence, and geological conditions that are at present days in the Kuibyshev Sea favour to it. The changing of ecological conditions caused the problem of the fish breeding, for the ways of migration of trading fish such as sturgeon, salmon, and eel, are broken off. 

Large excavation works were taken to make preparations for sinking of the territory. The shores of such towns as Kazan, Ulianovsk, Senghiley, and Sviyazhsk were subjected to doing over (surrounding with ramparts, draining, strengthening). In addition, there were constructed 3 large ports, a line of wharves and fleet lee-shores during a storm.

270 populated places (17 towns and district centers), 19 collective farms, two engine-tractor stations and 175 buildings of various establishments and organizations that were situated out of Stavropol got into a drowning zone. Some places, which did not get into the drowning zone but were situated on the territory destined for dam building and other waterworks facilities, were to be transferred, too. More than 1600 yards, including schools, hospitals, and industrial enterprises were replaced in 1953.

The building of the largest at that time hydroelectric power station caused rapid arrival of hydro builders, specialists, and prisoners into the Stavropol Region and adjacent outskirts. The city and neighboring villages could not admit so many people. Besides, it was necessary to settle the prisoners, who according to the project were to build the HPS. And just for them the erection of special camps started in 1949.

The camps for prisoners were complex. There were all the necessary inside: first aid posts, barracks with two-storeyed berths, a bath-house, and a dining-room. The camps were placed in the town of Zhygulyovsk, on the left shore, in Morkvashy, and Feodorovka. After the reservoir had been filled, the number of camps reduced, and to 1957 there left just small fenced zones.

 A special organization-the Kuibyshev Hydro Building Organization (KHB) was formed to build the station. It placed in Stavropol, in the building of the former school of mechanization. The KHB planned projects and building of camps for 1-, 3-, and 5 thousand persons (villages of Kuneevka and Feodorovka). In the region of hospital of Old Stavropol was to be set a commandant town. That, probably, was the first name of the region of the future Port village contained Finnish houses.

Besides Port villages, there were set other small towns for hired workmen – Social town, Shluzovoy and Kuneevka, where with hydro builders’ might were erected frame-filling houses of 8-12 flats and halls of residence.

The largest of the workmen villages was Kuneevka. In 1950 there were just 28 log houses, but in some years it turned into the most populated place of the existed in 50’s. 7 barracks had been built in Kuneevka in 1950; and it had been planned to build the barber’s and a shop by December of the same year. Just a name preserved from the former village of the Orlovs’, but the young communism builders disliked it, and on February 24 in 1951 in accordance with the Regional Executive Committee of Stavropol the village was renamed to Komsomolsky. (to be continued)

Введите число, указанное на картинке:

• Археологические древности края • Archaeological antiquities of the region • Волжская Болгария • The Volga Bulgaria • Самарская Лука в 13-17 веках • The Samara Bend of the XIII-XVIIth centuries • Освоение края и строительство крепости • The region settling and the fort building • Ставрополь и восстание Пугачева • Stavropol and Pugachyov’s rebellion • Участие ставропольчан в войне 1812 года • Participation of the inhabitants of Stavropol in the war of 1812

• Жизнь города. Ремесла Ставропольского уезда • The town’s life. Crafts of the Stavropol District • Ставропольское купечество • The merchants of Stavropol • Ставропольское дворянство • The nobles of Stavropol • Знаменитые люди в Ставрополе • Famous people of Stavropol • Ставрополь в начале ХХ века • Stavropol at the beginning of the XXth century • Революционные события и установление советской власти • The revolution events and forming of the Soviet regime

• Ставрополь в годы Великой Отечественной войны • Stavropol during the Great Patriotic War. • Строительство ГЭС и перенос города • The construction of the Hydroelectric Power Station and the transfer of the town • Культурная жизнь города • Строительство заводов и развитие города • Строительство ВАЗа и Автограда • Современная характеристика города

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